Churchgate House pictured in April 2012 (copyright Google
Street View). The Royal Oak once stood on this site. A pub with the same name
was later situated on Paley Street, which can be seen running by the side of
Churchgate House.
The Royal Oak stood on Churchgate from at least the 1770s
until it was destroyed by fire on 30 June 1848 killing George Radcliffe, a
Breightmet man sleeping there for the night. [1]
Gordon Readyhough [2] claims that the location of the pub is
unknown but that it was not to be confused with a pub on nearby Paley Street
that took the Royal Oak name some time after the original pub burned down. However,
in a report for the town’s mayor on Bolton’s sanitation in 1848 - the year the
Royal Oak was destroyed - John Entwisle
puts the pub in the vicinity of Molyneux’s Yard, the Flaggs and Oliver Lane,
all of which stood roughly in front of the site of the current Churchgate
House, opposite what is now Hogarth’s, the former Capitol and Boars’s Head pub.
[3]
Bolton’s population stood at around 17,000 in 1801. By 1841
it had grown to almost 50,000 as people moved to the centre of town during the
Industrial Revolution to look for work. [4] Entwisle goes on to describe the sanitary
conditions at that time in the dirtiest part of what he had already ascertained
was a filthy town.
“In immediate contiguity [to Molyneux’s Yard]…is the Flaggs
and Oliver Lane ;
here fever had infested the whole neighbourhood. In the houses behind the Royal Oak there were
several cases; in one the husband had an attack six weeks in duration. In the
next house a family of seven, four of whom had fever, and one died. Immediately
opposite the houses is a necessary in a broken condition, the privy full, and
heaps of ashes and night soil occupied a considerable portion of the yard.
Beyond this heap of refuse is the cesspool of Molyneux’s Yard, only separated
by a wall which is part falling down.”
To give another aspect of life in Bolton in the 1840s
Entwisle analysed all the deaths in the town in the five years to 1847 and
calculated the average age of death. But in an interesting twist he also calculated
the average age of death by social class.
According to Entwisle, 116 “gentlemen and persons engaged in
professions, and their families” died at an average age of 51 years. In addition, 614 people he described as “tradesmen and their
families” died at an average age of 27 years and 2 months. But “Operatives and
their families” died at an average of just 19 years and 6 months.
The outstanding point about this last social grouping – the
lowest of the three social classes – was their sheer number: 8142 of them. In
other words, over 90percent of the people in the town died before their 20th
birthday between the beginning of 1843 and the end of 1847. Of course a lot of
them were children – over 50percent of the children of the lower orders died by
the age of five – but with an average at death of 19, pubs like the Royal Oak
were probably losing almost all of their custom every two years simply due to
them dying off.
Fortunately, that part of town was cleaned up and Entwisle’s
report perhaps had an impact. It’s available to borrow at Bolton Central
Library and makes for grim reading. Running water was laid on in that part of
Churchgate. Molyneux’s Yard was swept away although Flaggs and Oliver Lane
remained into the 20th-century.
Entwisle couched his arguments in language the mayor and
rest of the businessmen that ran Bolton could understand: it was
counter-productive maintaining a situation where 90 percent of your workforce failed to reach the age of 20. But this was 1848, a year when revolution
was taking hold in Europe and the monied classes in Bolton couldn’t help but
look over their shoulder at the potential for social unrest.
Churchgate later became the theatre centre of Bolton with
the Grand and the Theatre Royal built on the site of the slum dwellings in the
area where the Royal Oak once stood. The theatres made way for offices in the
sixties and Churchgate House was built in their place.
[1] Annals Of Bolton, James Clegg, 1888.
[2] Bolton Pubs 1800 to 2000, Gordon Readyhough, 2000.
[3] A Report On The Sanatory Condition Of The Borough Of
Bolton, John Entwisle, 1848.
[4] Wikipedia entry on Bolton, retrieved 12 October 2014.
Figures combined for Great Bolton and Little Bolton.
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